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CHAPTER 6: HIV/AIDS INDICATORS’ REFERENCE PAGES

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Impact

Behaviour Change Communication (BCC)

Condom Promotion and Distribution

Blood safety

Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)


In this document “responsible body” refers to an entity/entities that is/are accountable for developing data collection methodologies, designing tools and/or collection, processing and analysis of data for the specified indicator.

Impact

Imp1: HIV prevalence

Definition

Percentage of pregnant women aged 15-49 years attending ANC clinics who are HIV-infected (disaggregated by age, region and urban/rural)

Purpose

To assess progress towards eradicating HIV infection

Measurement tool

HIV Sentinel Surveillance

Frequency

Every 2 years

Responsible body

MoH/HAPCO

Method of measurement

This indicator is calculated using data from pregnant women attending ANCs in HIV Sentinel Surveillance sites.

Numerator: Number of ANC attendees (aged 15-49) tested
whose HIV test results are positive

Denominator: Number of ANC attendees (aged 15-49) tested for
their HIV infection status

Remark

UNGASS indicator adapted to National need

Behaviour Change Communication (BCC)

Prv1: People’s knowledge about HIV

Definition

Percentage of people aged 15-49 years who both correctly identify ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV and who reject major misconceptions about HIV transmission (disaggregated by age, sex, target population, region and urban/rural)

Purpose

To assess progress in achieving people's knowledge of the essential facts about HIV transmission

Measurement tool

Population-based survey (DHS)

Target population survey (BSS)

Frequency

Every 3 - 5 years (BSS every 3 years, DHS every 5 years)

Responsible body

MoH/HAPCO

Method of measurement

The indicator is constructed from responses to the following set of prompted questions

1. Can the risk of HIV transmission be reduced by having sex with only one faithful, uninfected partner?

2. Can the risk of HIV transmission be reduced by using condoms?

3. Can a healthy-looking person have HIV?

4. Can a person get HIV from mosquito bites?

5. Can a person get HIV by sharing a meal with someone who is infected?

Numerator: Number of respondents (15-49) who gave the correct
answers to all five questions

Denominator: Number of respondents (15-49) who gave answers
(including "don't know") to all five questions

Note:

  • Those who have never heard of HIV/AIDS should be excluded from the numerator but included in the denominator

  • Indicator score disaggregated by five-year age group and also reported for the 15-24 age group

  • Remark

    MDG and UNGASS indicator adapted to National need

    Prv2: Median age at first sex

    Definition

    The age by which one half of young men or young women aged 15-24 have had penetrative sex (median age), of all young people surveyed

    Purpose

    To assess progress in achieving dalliance of sexual initiation among young people

    Measurement tool

    Population-based survey (DHS)

    Target population survey (BSS)

    Frequency

    Every 3 - 5 years (BSS every 3 years, DHS every 5 years)

    Responsible body

    MoH/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    The indicator is constructed from data on current virginity status among young people, not from retrospective questions about age at first sex. In a population-based survey, young people are asked whether they ever had penetrative sex.

    A curve is plotted according to the percent who say they have had sex by each single year of age. The age at which the curve exceeds 50 percent is taken to be the median age at first sex.

    Note:

  • On average, people reporting they are in certain age will be six months older than that age. For example, those who say they are 15 will range from those who turned 15 on the day of the survey to those who will turn 16 the following day. Assuming an even age distribution, they will be on average 15.5. Half a year should therefore be added to the exact ages used in the calculation of the median age at first sex.

  • Indicator score disaggregated by age, sex, region and urban/rural

  • Remark

    UNAIDS indicator

    Prv3: Life-skill-based HIV/AIDS education

    Definition

    Number of teachers trained in life-skills-based HIV/AIDS education and graduated in the last 12 months

    Purpose

    To assess progress in implementing life-skills-based HIV/AIDS education in teachers’ training schools

    Measurement tool

    Program report

    Frequency

    Annual

    Responsible body

    Teachers’ training schools /MoE/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    All teachers’ training schools (universities, colleges, institutions) will annually report on the total number of teachers trained in life-skill based education of HIV/AIDS and graduated in the last 12 months.

    Remark

    UNGASS indicator adapted to National need

    Prv4: People’s condom use with non-regular sexual partners

    Definition

    Percentage of people aged 15-49 years reporting the use of a condom during last sexual intercourse with a non-regular sexual partner (disaggregated by age, sex, target population, region and urban/rural)

    Purpose

    To assess progress in preventing exposure to HIV through unprotected sex with non-regular partners

    Measurement tool

    Population-based survey (DHS)

    Target population survey (BSS)

    Frequency

    Every 3-5 years (BSS every 3 years, DHS every 5 years)

    Responsible body

    MoH/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    Survey respondents aged 15-49 years are asked whether they have commenced sexual activity. Those who report sexual activity (whether currently married or unmarried) are then asked the following questions:

    1. In the last 12 months, have you had sexual intercourse with a non-regular partner who was neither your spouse nor someone you were living with?

    2. If the answer to question 1 is “yes”: How many non-regular partners have you had sex with in the last 12 months?

    3. If the answer to question 1 is “yes”: Did you (or your partner) use a condom the last time you had sex with your most recent non-regular partner?

    Numerator: Number of respondents (15-49) who reported
    having had a non-regular (i.e., non-marital and
    non-cohabitating) sexual partner in the last
    12 months who also reported that a condom was
    used the last time they had sex with this partner

    Denominator: Number of respondents (15-49) who reported
    having had a non-regular sexual partner in the last
    12 months

    Remark

    UNGASS indicator adapted to National need

    Prv5: Attitudes towards PLWHA

    Definition

    Percentage of people aged 15-49 years expressing accepting attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS (disaggregated by age, sex, target population, region and urban/rural)

    Purpose

    To assess the level of stigma and discrimination towards PLWHA

    Measurement tool

    Population-based survey (DHS)

    Target population survey (BSS)

    Frequency

    Every 3-5 years (BSS every 3 years, DHS every 5 years)

    Responsible body

    MoH/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    Respondents in a general and targeted population survey are asked the following questions about people with HIV/AIDS:

    1. If a member of your family became sick with the AIDS virus, would you be willing to care for him or her in your household?

    2. If you knew that a shopkeeper or food seller had the AIDS virus, would you buy fresh vegetables from them?

    3. If a male/female teacher has the HIV virus but not sick, should s/he be allowed to continue teaching in school?

    4. If a member of your family became infected with the HIV virus, would you want it to remain a secret?

    5. Should HIV/AIDS patients be quarantined?

    Numerator: Number of respondents who reported accepting
    or supportive attitudes on all five of the above
    questions

    Denominator: Number of all respondents

    Remark

    UNAIDS indicator adapted to National need

    Condom Promotion and Distribution

    Prv6: Condoms quality

    Definition

    Percent of condoms imported that meet the national quality standard

    Purpose

    To assess the effectiveness of condoms imported in preventing HIV transmission

    Measurement tool

    Sample survey for quality of condoms imported or DACA report

    Frequency

    Every 2 years

    Responsible body

    DACA/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    A list of condom importers will be identified. From each importer, a random sample of condoms will be selected and checked for quality.

    Numerator: Number of condoms that meet national quality
    specification

    Denominator: Number of condoms sampled

    Remark

    UNAIDS indicator adapted to National need

    Prv7: Condoms available for distribution nationwide

    Definition

    Total number of condoms available for distribution nationwide during the preceding 12 months, divided by the total population aged 15-49 (disaggregated by male/female condoms)

    Purpose

    To assess if there are enough condoms available in the country to satisfy the potential demand

    Measurement tool

    Program report

    Frequency

    Annual

    Responsible body

    DACA/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    The indicator is measured by estimating the number of condoms (male and female) available for in-country use during the last 12 months.

    Numerator: Number of condoms in stock nationally at the
    start of the 12-month period

    +

    Number of condoms imported during the
    12-month period

    Denominator: National population size aged 15-49

    Remark

    UNAIDS indicator adapted to National need

    Prv8: Condoms availability at retail outlets and service delivery points

    Definition

    The proportion of randomly selected retail outlets and service delivery points that have condoms in stock at the time a survey (disaggregated by region and urban/rural)

    Purpose

    To assess the actual distribution of condoms so that they are more widely available to people likely to need them

    Measurement tool

    Survey of retail outlets and services delivery points

    Frequency

    Every 2 years

    Responsible body

    DACA/DKT Ethiopia/HAPCO and others

    Method of measurement

    A number of sites of different types are randomly selected for a retail survey. The sampling frame should be stratified to reflect sites in both urban and rural areas. Sites will be selected from a standard checklist of venues where condoms should be accessible, including bars and night clubs, different classes of retail shops (for example, pharmacies, supermarkets, convenience stores, market stalls, petrol stations), STI clinics and other service provision points. Outlets that provide services to people who may find it difficult to access condoms at conventional sites – for example, teenagers – should be included.

    Numerator: Number of sites with condoms currently in stock

    Denominator: Total number of sites surveyed

    Note:

  • Condoms in stock should be checked for expiry date

  • Remark

    UNAIDS indicator adapted to National need

    Blood safety

    Prv9: Percentage of voluntary, non-remunerated blood donors

    Definition

    Percentage of voluntary, non-remunerated blood donors donating blood in the last 12 months (disaggregated by age, sex and urban/rural)

    Purpose

    To assess the increase in the proportion of voluntary non-remunerated blood donors and to use it as a proxy indicator of the extent to which donated bloods are safe

    Measurement tool

    Program report

    Frequency

    Annual

    Responsible body

    ERCS/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    The ERCS should keep a record of each blood donor including sex, age, and type.

    Numerator: Number of voluntary, non-remunerated blood
    donors donating blood in the last 12 months

    Denominator: Total number blood donors

    Remark

     

    Prv10: Blood units collected

    Definition

    Number of blood units collected in the last 12 months (disaggregated by region and urban/rural)

    Purpose

    To assess availability of safe blood in the country

    Measurement tool

    Program report

    Frequency

    Annual

    Responsible body

    ERCS/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    The ERCS will keep a record of blood units collected in its blood banks and summarize at the end of each year.

    Remark

     

    Prv11: Number of blood banks

    Definition

    Total number of blood banks in the country (disaggregated by region and urban/rural)

    Purpose

    To assess availability of safe blood in the country

    Measurement tool

    Program report

    Frequency

    Annual

    Responsible body

    ERCS/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    ERCS will annually report on the total number of blood banks in the country that were functioning in the last 12 months

    Remark

     

    Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

    Prv12: Knowledge about STI symptoms

    Definition

    Percentage of people aged 15-49 years who know two or more symptoms of STIs (disaggregated by age, sex, target population, region and urban/rural)

    Purpose

    To assess knowledge of people about STIs

    Measurement tool

    Population-based survey (DHS)

    Target population survey (BSS)

    Frequency

    Every 3-5 years (BSS every 3 years, DHS every 5 years)

    Responsible body

    MoH/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    Survey respondents aged 15-49 are asked the following two questions:

      1. Do you know any symptom of STIs

      2. If the answer to question ‘1’ is Yes: What are the symptoms?

    Numerator: Number of respondents aged 15-49 who
    correctly identified two or more symptoms of
    STIs

    Denominator: Total number respondents aged 15-49

    Note:

  • Knowledge about STI symptoms refer symptoms in males, females or both

  • Remark

     

    Prv13: STI comprehensive case management

    Definition

    Percentage of patients with STIs at health-care facilities who are appropriately diagnosed, treated and counseled (disaggregated by age, sex, region and urban/rural)

    Purpose

    To assess progress in implementing universally effective STI diagnosis, treatment and counseling

    Measurement tool

    Health facility survey

    Frequency

    Every 3 years

    Responsible body

    MoH/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    Data are collected through observation of provider-client interaction of a sample of health-care facilities offering STI services.

    “Appropriate” diagnosis and treatment and counseling procedures are those specified in the National STI service guidelines.

    A ‘health-care facility’ is defined as any setting (i.e., including public, private, and church sectors) where one or more medically qualified personnel provide health-care services.

    Numerator: Number of STI patients for whom the correct
    procedures were followed on (a) history-taking;
    (b) examination; (c) diagnosis and treatment; and
    (d) effective counseling on partner notification,
    condom use and HIV testing

    Denominator: Number of STI patients for whom provider-client
    interactions were observed

    Note:

  • Indicator scores should be disaggregated by men and women for patients under 20 and over 20 years of age

  • Score for each component of the indicator (i.e., history-taking, examination, diagnosis and treatment, and counseling) must be reported, in addition to the overall indicator score.

  • Remark

    UNGASS indicator

    Prv14: STI drug supply

    Definition

    Percent of health facilities providing STI care that have a current supply of essential STI drugs and report no stock out lasting longer than one week in the preceding 12 months (disaggregated by region)

    Purpose

    To assess whether health facilities are consistently supplied with STI drugs

    Measurement tool

    Health facility survey

    Frequency

    Every 3 years

    Responsible body

    MoH/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    Health facilities providing STI services are randomly selected. The sampling frame for the selection of sites may include a mix of all major provider categories in both the public and private sectors (clinics, health centers and hospitals). From these sectors the following information are required:

      a. List of essential drugs for STI management

      b. Past 12 months stock records of health facilities

    Service providers’ management body is questioned about stock outs in the last 12 months.

    Numerator: Total number of health facilities providing STI
    services that have adequate drugs currently in
    stock to treat each of the important STI
    syndromes and that report no stock outs of these
    drugs lasting more than one week in the last
    12 months

    Denominator: Total number of health facilities surveyed

    Remark

    UNAIDS indicator adapted to National need

    Prv15: Training on syndromic management of STIs

    Definition

    Number of health workers trained in syndromic management of STIs according to national guideline in the last 12 months (disaggregated by region)

    Purpose

    To assess availability of health workers trained on syndromic management of STIs

    Measurement tool

    Program report

    Frequency

    Annual

    Responsible body

    MoH/HAPCO

    Method of measurement

    All health facilities will regularly report on the number of health workers trained in syndromic management of STIs to the higher levels (Woreda, Zone, Region or Federal level).

    Remark

     


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