Proximal (direct) determinants of HIV in Ethiopia
Intermediate (direct) determinants of HIV in Ethiopia
Distal (indirect) determinants of HIV in Ethiopia
Proximal (direct) determinants of HIV in Ethiopia |
The following behavior is responsible for the majority of new infections with HIV in Ethiopia:
The following behaviors are responsible for the minority of new infections with HIV in Ethiopia:
Additionally, mothers who are HIV-positive can transmit HIV to their children while pregnant, during delivery, or while breastfeeding.
Intermediate (direct) determinants of HIV in Ethiopia |
The following behaviors and conditions, in conjunction with proximal determinants, greatly increase the likelihood of infection with HIV:
Distal (indirect) determinants of HIV in Ethiopia |
Poverty |
High unemployment High prostitution High numbers of economic migrants Increasing poor health due to illness and STDs, including HIV |
Ignorance |
Low awareness of HIV/AIDS Misconceptions about HIV transmission and prevention Lack of information available to sexually active youth Lack of communication infrastructure to reach rural areas |
Gender inequality |
Women more biologically vulnerable to HIV than men Risks faced by women: rape, abduction, FGC, domestic abuse Inability of women to negotiate sexual behaviors |
Sociocultural barriers |
Taboo discouraging discussions about sex Stigma and discrimination against PLWHA Denial about the existence and extent of the HIV epidemic Cultural patterns of multiple sexual partners at one time Substance abuse (alcohol, chat) |
Social disruption |
Large mobile military population Large displaced/refugee population Frequent famine Large number of migrant/seasonal laborers Large nomadic populations |
Government |
Lack of comprehensive topical guidelines on subjects such VCT, PMTCT, discrimination, clinical care, et. Lack of cross-sectoral communication and collaboration Lack of resource pooling with local and international NGOs |